學員們在學習變量分析的時候會對一些比較基礎的概念性知識感到困惑，網(wǎng)校為學員們總結(jié)了一下網(wǎng)課中比較重要的知識點，供學員們參考。

Basic variances and operating statements

Fixed overhead volume variance

(Actual production – Budgeted production) * Standard fixed OH rate per unit

Fixed OH capacity variance

(Actual labour hours worked – Budgeted labour hours) * Standard fixed OH absorption rate per hour

Fixed OH efficiency variance

(Labour hours worked – Standard labour hours for actual production) * Standard fixed OH absorption rate per hour

Summary

Cost variances

Materials: price/usage

Labour: rate/idle time/efficiency

Variable overhead: rate/efficiency

Fixed overhead: expenditure/capacity/efficiency

Different standard rate used under absorption (profit) and marginal costing (contribution).

2. Sales variances

2.1 Sales volume variance

Selling more or less than the budgeted quantity on profits.

The difference between actual and budgeted sales is multiplied by the standard profit per unit, as absorption costing is being used. If marginal costing is used, multiply the difference by the standard contribution per unit.

2.2 Sales price variance

Selling at a higher or lower price than the standard.

Favorable and adverse

3. Material variances

3.1 Causes

-price: price paid ≠ standard

-usage: more or less than should have been

3.2 Material price variance

Based on the quantity of material purchased. If more materials were used than purchased, the unused materials go into inventory at standard cost.

3.3Materials usage variance

4. Labour variances

4.1 Causes

-Rate

-Idle tie (quantity variance)

-Efficiency (quantity variance)

5. Variable OH variances

5.1 Causes

-Rate

-Efficiency (quantity variance)

6. Fixed OH variances

6.1 Causes

-Expenditure variance compares the actual fixed cost with the original budget

-Under absorption costing, volume variance (Labour hour). Capacity and efficiency variances.

Actual labour rate worked with the budget.

Efficiency variance is similar to the labour efficiency variance and OH efficiency variances.

7. The operating statement

Reconciles budgeted with actual profit.

8. Marginal costing approach

8.1 Differences (two)

-Only fixed OH variance will be the expenditure variance

-Under marginal costing, sales volume variance need to use standard contribution.